Why This Matters

Information that produces certainty too quickly is worth examining.

Not because the conclusion is necessarily wrong — but because fast certainty is a sign that something is producing an emotional reaction rather than engaging your analysis. This framework gives you six questions to apply before accepting or sharing any political claim.

It applies equally to claims you find agreeable and claims you find outrageous. That consistency is the point.

Media Literacy

Crack the Narrative

Don't inherit a political conclusion. Examine the evidence.

Political communication can deploy any of the following — often simultaneously:

  • Selective outrage
  • Selective examples
  • Emotionally loaded language
  • Omission of context
  • Misleading comparisons
  • Viral clips without context
  • Anonymous claims
  • Unverified statistics
  • Guilt by association
  • False binaries

Analysis Framework — Apply to any claim you encounter

Claim

What exactly is being claimed?

Restate it in your own words. Strip the emotional language.

Source

Who made the claim?

Are they a primary witness, a political actor, a journalist, or anonymous?

Evidence

What primary evidence exists?

Court records, parliamentary records, official documents, credible journalism, verifiable data.

Context

What information is missing?

Historical background, base rates, competing explanations, omitted data.

Counter-Evidence

Is there credible evidence pointing another way?

Seek out the strongest opposing view before reaching a conclusion.

Conclusion

What can reasonably be concluded?

Be comfortable with "insufficient evidence" as a valid conclusion.

FACT OPINION ALLEGATION
Common Techniques

Recognising Propaganda Patterns

Selective Outrage

Expressing outrage about an incident when done by one political side but ignoring or excusing the same behaviour when done by the other side.

Check Ask: Would I react this way if the political alignment were reversed?
Emotionally Loaded Language

Using words that produce emotional reactions (traitor, terrorist, fascist, anti-national) without providing the evidence needed to justify those terms.

Check Ask: Strip the emotional words — what is actually being claimed?
Omission of Context

A statement may be technically accurate but produce a false impression because key context — base rates, prior events, counter-evidence — is omitted.

Check Ask: What would change if you knew what is not being told?
Misleading Comparisons

Comparing two situations that appear similar but differ in crucial ways — different legal context, different scale, different evidence standard.

Check Ask: Are these situations actually comparable in the relevant respects?
Guilt by Association

Implying that a person is discredited, extremist or wrong because they share a characteristic with someone who is discredited, extremist or wrong.

Check Ask: Is there specific evidence about this person, or is the association the only argument?
Unverified Statistics

Precise-sounding numbers (73% agree, 10 crore jobs) presented without a source, methodology or comparison baseline that would allow them to be evaluated.

Check Ask: Where does this number come from and how was it measured?
False Binaries

Presenting a complex situation as having only two possible positions: you are with us or against us, you support this policy or you support our enemies.

Check Ask: Is this genuinely a binary choice, or is there a middle ground being erased?
Anonymous Claims

Information attributed to unnamed sources, leaked documents without chain of custody, or screenshots without verifiable origin.

Check Ask: Who is saying this, and why can't they be named? What is the verification?